Type 2 diabetes affects almost 400 million people across the world. It is caused by a combination of lifestyle as well as genetic factors which together result in high blood sugar levels.
One such genetic factor is a variation in a gene called SLC30A8, which encodes a protein that carries zinc.
This protein is important because zinc is essential for ensuring that insulin, (the only hormone that can reduce blood sugar levels) has the right shape in the beta-cells of the pancreas.
Researchers have known for almost ten years that changes in this gene can reduce the risk of getting Type 2 diabetes, but not how this happened.
They now recruited new members from families with a rare mutation in the SLC30A8 gene to study how they responded to sugar in a meal.
“A definite strength of our study is we could study families,” said Dr. Tiinamaija Tuomi from the Helsinki University Hospital, who co-led the study. “We could compare people with the mutation with their relatives who do not have the mutation, but who have similar genetic background and lifestyle.”
This way, Tuomi explains they can make sure that the effects they are seeing are definitely because of this gene, and not because of another genetic or lifestyle factor.
The results showed that people with the mutation have higher insulin and lower blood sugar levels, reducing their risk for diabetes.
An international collaboration of 50 researchers also studied pancreatic cells with and without the mutation in the lab and carried out experiments in mice and human cellular material to understand exactly what was happening when the function of the SLC30A8 gene changed.
“The work is a collaborative effort bringing pharma and academia together and researchers from multiple European countries,” said Professor Anna Gloyn, who co-led the study, from the Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford. “It is a tour de force since we were able to measure the impact of the mutation in many different systems, including human beta-cells.”
Gloyn said they found that this mutation had collateral consequences on key functions of pancreatic beta cells and during their development.
“Importantly, this study exposes the extraordinary molecular complexity behind a specific gene variation conferring risk or protection from Type 2 diabetes,” said Dr. Benoit Hastoy, co-first author from the Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford.
Taken together, the human and model system data show enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion combined with enhanced conversion of the prehormone proinsulin to insulin as the most likely explanation for protection against Type 2 diabetes, according to Om Prakash Dwivedi, the co-first author of the study from the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki.
A better understanding of the genetic and pathological mechanisms behind diabetes can open up new ways of preventing or treating Type 2 diabetes.
“Our results position this zinc transporter as an appealing and safe target for antidiabetic therapies. If a drug can be developed that mimics the protective effect of this mutation, the beta-cell function could be preserved and the insulin secretion capacity in diabetic patients maintained,” said Professor Leif Groop from the University of Helsinki and the Lund University who directed the study.
The University of Helsinki.
Source:
- The University of Helsinki. (November 4, 2019). Study decodes gene function that protects against type 2 diabetes. EurekAlert! Retrieved November 4, 2019, from https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-11/uoh-sdg110419.php